Considering the importance of POVERTY in economic development issues, it is tried to estimate POVERTY INTENSITY and examine its trend via using an applied index called SST. This index belongs to the family of decomposable indices and shows the POVERTY INTENSITY in terms of the product of its components: POVERTY rate, average POVERTY gap ratio of the poor and Gini index of POVERTY gap ratio of the population. This decomposition makes possible for the researcher to follow the source of changes in POVERTY INTENSITY via changes in its components. The results reveal that the SST index has increased during both in urban and rural areas of the province. Also, the increase in the urban areas, is much more than the increase in rural areas.

Objectives: SST Index is an appropriate instrument to measure the POVERTY INTENSITY. This index can measure the POVERTY INTENSITY considering number of the poor people and depth of POVERTY and inequality among them and allows us to decompose POVERTY into three aspects: Is there an increase in the number of the poor? Atlas the poor become poorer? And is there higher inequality among the poor? Method: In this paper through SST Index the POVERTY INTENSITY in Iran during the years 2003 and 2004 has been calculated for urban and rural areas using the data obtained from the Household Income and Expenditure Survey conducted by the Statistical Center of Iran and considering the absolute POVERTY line of 2300 calories with the percentage of changes compared over the two years. Also, the portion of factors constituting SST Index over the said years is specified. In order to determine the statistical reliability of the estimations made, the confidence interval of the index has been calculated with the application of Bootstrap Method.Conclusion: The findings reveal that the POVERTY INTENSITY in 2004 compared with that in 2003 increased up to 1.7 percent in urban areas and reduced to 1.8 percent in rural areas and the changes are significant at level of 90 percent confidence. In addition, the POVERTY INTENSITY over these two years has been higher in urban areas than in rural areas.

The main objective of this study is to measure the POVERTY INTENSITY in rural areas of Iran. The study applies Amartya Sen POVERTY index, head count index, and income gap ratio index. The results indicate that POVERTY gap index was equal to 0.248 in 2001 and declined to 0.247 in 2008. During the same period the POVERTY line had an upward trend for both rural and urban households such that the POVERTY line has reached to 3317413 Iranian Rls. from a base of 819763 Rls.

In order to determine the role of the US withdrawal from Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPA) in 2018 in the evolution and change of the POVERTY framing, this study analyzes how POVERTY is framed in two categories of specialized (including leadership, Dolat, Mizan, Icana) and general websites (including Fars, Moj and Young Journalists Club) during 2017, 2018 and 2019. For this, it uses Framing as a theory, and the technique of Pan and Kosicki’s Frame analysis as a research method. Findings are categorized in four groups as syntactical, script, thematic, and rhetorical. The review indicates that 42,302 news and reports are distributed in these websites in the research period that 275 were identified as samples and recorded and analyzed in Maxquda software. The results show that, except for the Young Journalists Club, the way POVERTY is framed has changed on all cases since the imposition of sanctions, and sanctions highlighted as one of the main causes of POVERTY in the framing of POVERTY. In regard of agenda setting, the coverage of POVERTY news and reports is less than 10%; the POVERTY news coverage has been declining over the three years under study. The websites of Leadership and Moj have the largest coverage, and Young Journalists Club has the least amount (less than 1%) of coverage. Due to his type of agenda setting, the problem of POVERTY is marginalized in public opinion. The framing of POVERTY with emphasis on the US withdrawal from JCPA as the cause of POVERTY represent POVERTY as a temporary issue, silences the voice of the poor, and depicts the emergence of a new social form in Iranian society.

The study of POVERTY and income in equality are the most important subjects of social/ economic research in agriculture sector. The present study focuses on POVERTY and income inequality among pistachio growers in Kerman province. Absolute POVERTY line, relative POVERTY line, POVERTY gap and INTENSITY were calculated. Also income distribution was investigated using Ginny coefficient, Lorenz curve and income distribution index. The statistical community was all pistachio producers in Kerman province. Data collected through personally interviewing of 200 producer, using multi-stage cluster random sampling, during 2012-2015 cropping years. The results showed that absolute POVERTY line for pistachio growers in Kerman province was 24000000 (10 Rials) while, relative POVERTY line was 64922675(10 Rials), annually. Results also indicated that 30 percent of farmers were suffering from absolute POVERTY while, 57 percent from relative POVERTY. Income gap for poor pistachio growers under absolute POVERTY was 0. 48, but for poor pistachio growers under relative POVERTY was 0. 60. According to Lorenz curve, Ginny coefficient of 0. 66 and income distribution index, it can be concluded that there is an un-fair income distribution among pistachio growers in study area. Finally supporting capital availability specially for small scale poor farmers through low interest credit, production subsidies and national development funds is suggested.

Iran's economy in the past three decades has experienced different economic sanctions including oil embargos and other financial, banking and commercial sanctions. The sanctions have had a high impact on various economic indicators in Iran. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effect of sanctions INTENSITY on POVERTY in Iranian economy during the period 1985-2013. Another goal of the study is to show that, despite the claims of the sanctions against livelihoods (due to the exclusion of food and medicine sanctions), these sanctions have led to an increase in absolute POVERTY, and so on the people, and especially the poorer have been affected. For this purpose, by specifying a Markov-switching model, sanctions INTENSITY, along with other macro factors affecting POVERTY have been investigated. The estimation results of the model have indicated that by increasing economic sanctions INTENSITY, POVERTY in Iran has been increased. According to the results of the study, the claim that sanctions cannot be imposed on the people cannot be accepted, therefore economic sanctions need to be abolished for human rights reasons.

Purpose-In the present study, the impact of the household head's features on POVERTY and its INTENSITY in rural households was investigated using the data related to income cost of rural households of West Azerbaijan during 2014. Design/methodology/approach-To this end, the relative POVERTY line of the rural households was first estimated in this study. Then, the effect of household characteristics on the INTENSITY of POVERTY and its incidence was examined as well. The two-step Heckman model was used in this regard through which the impact of variables on household POVERTY was explored and the likelihood of household POVERTY was calculated. Afterward, assessing the POVERTY INTENSITY of poor households, the effect of the study variables on the INTENSITY of POVERTY of these households was investigated. Findings-The results of the study showed that the age, marital status, employment, and literacy level of the household head had a significantly positive effect on decreasing the incidence of POVERTY of the households. In addition, being married, the higher level of education, and employment of the household head, and also increasing the number of employed members in the household alleviated the severity of POVERTY among rural households. Research limitations/implications-The main limitation of this study was the lack of direct access to statistics and that extraction of data from micro-households was time-consuming. Practical implications-Considering the high probability of POVERTY at the beginning of the young age and retirement, actions must be taken to minimize the negative consequences of POVERTY in these ages through appropriate social security systems. Furthermore, given that being married reduces the incidence of POVERTY, careful planning is required to increase employment opportunities, to develop the culture of marriage, and therefore, to reduce the level of divorce in the society. Originality/value-In this article, an attempt has been made to study the influence of individual characteristics of the household head on POVERTY incidence and its severity in rural households of West Azerbaijan Province using the relative POVERTY line system. Moreover, based on the aim of the study, the severity of POVERTY and its incidence are to be separately investigated.

All simple methods of the measurement of POVERTY, such as ratio of the poor in total population and income gap are in fact unable to reflect inter-transformation society, with respect to change in money making groups, income transformation, gathering of the social groups, symmetry, asymmetry (dependency of the index to the other specification of the individuals in the society), monotonicity, social welfare, social justice etc. Therefore, these indices are weak and deficient to show dynamism of the POVERTY.the more complicated indices that started to introduce from Sen work, reflect The income distribution circumstance and income ranking and some of them are admitted to Gini coefficient. Nearly fifteen such principal indices that apply income distribution content and income transformation, POVERTY line and distribution among the poor are recognized. Some of these indices deal with social welfare, which is not a calculable issue. However the total number of secondary and/or related indices are amounted to more than seventy. Selecting a proper index for every society relies on data access, the structure and distribution of the population and the income of the society under consideration, the goals of planning as well as policy making and finally choosing the researcher. In this article I have analyzed the ability and power of the main indices, with special regard to Iran situation. To accomplish this fact, I have introduced a nine-item principles that are necessary in index, Then I introduced analyzed the sen, Kakwani Takayama and some other indices. Finally, bringing Iran POVERTY and income distribution condition into consideration, I have represented a propose index as the geometric mean of the third Kakwani's and the first sen indices. Using Some appraises and non-parametric estimate as well as official data for Iran, I have calculated the POVERTY index of the country. This index is considered as a high index with respect to percupita income of the country.

Women are deprived from the capacities and capabilities needed for POVERTY reduction. The anxieties of women falling into the group of "poorest of the poor" has resulted in the development of different approaches including "Women Empowerment". It seems the Process of empowerment of the poor women requires changes in all the institutions which have deprived them from the capabilities and have put them at the risk of POVERTY.This article presents part of the findings of a research conducted by the methods of group discussion and survey among the female headed households of Arak (a city in central part of Iran). It is shown that because of their sex, women are more vulnerable against POVERTY. Their POVERTY is not only income but in the social and psychological dimensions which are as important as economic aspect. To eradicate POVERTY, women's empowerment as well as structural changes are required.